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Systematic treatment of acid-base systems

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1 Monoprotic acids

We begin by considering a solution prepared by adding a weak monoprotic acid which we will designate as HA to water.  Partial dissociation of this avcid yields the species H+, OH−, and A− just as we had in the strong-acid case, but now there is another species, namely the undissociated acid HA. In order to determine the concentrations of these four species, we need to write four equations that describe the system.

Equilibria. We now have two equilibrium relations, one relating to the dissociation of water, and the other to the dissociation of the acid:

 

Mass balance. The mass balance relation expresses the fact that the "A" moiety of the acid is conserved; it must be either in the form of the acid itself (HA) or as its conjugate base A-:

Electroneutrality condition: This important relation reflects the fact that bulk matter (in this case, the liquid solution) cannot possess a net electric charge.  This is usually written as a charge balance equation

 

of its two conjugate forms:

 

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We begin by considering a solution prepared by adding a weak monoprotic acid which we will designate as HA to water.  Partial dissociation of this avcid yields the species H+, OH−, and A− just as we had in the strong-acid case, but now there is another species, namely the undissociated acid HA. In order to determine the concentrations of these four species, we need to write four equations that describe the system.

Equilibria. We now have two equilibrium relations, one relating to the dissociation of water, and the other to the dissociation of the acid:

 

Mass balance. The mass balance relation expresses the fact that the "A" moiety of the acid is conserved; it must be either in the form of the acid itself (HA) or as its conjugate base A-:

Electroneutrality condition: This important relation reflects the fact that bulk matter (in this case, the liquid solution) cannot possess a net electric charge.  This is usually written as a charge balance equation

 

of its two conjugate forms:

 

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